Falhas comuns em escavadeiras de 8 toneladas e guia abrangente de reparos

Introdução

Escavadeiras de oito toneladas são máquinas de médio porte comuns em muitos canteiros de obras. Eles fornecem um bom equilíbrio entre potência, eficiência e capacidade de manobra para cavar valas, carregar caminhões, demolir estruturas e diversas tarefas de movimentação de terras. No entanto, como qualquer peça de maquinaria pesada, as escavadoras de 8 toneladas podem apresentar falhas e necessitar de reparações ao longo do tempo. Este artigo fornecerá uma visão geral abrangente dos problemas comuns que você pode encontrar com uma escavadeira de 8 toneladas e como corrigi-los adequadamente.

Frequent Engine and Hydraulic Issues

The engine and hydraulic systems are the heart of an 8 ton excavator. These complex components have many parts that wear out and can fail over years of use. Here are some of the most common engine and hydraulic faults on 8-ton excavators and their recommended repair procedures:

Overheating Engine

• Causes: Low coolant/antifreeze, faulty water pump, clogged radiator fins, failed thermostat
• Solutions: Top off coolant, test water pump operation, pressure clean radiator fins, replace thermostat

Low Engine Power

• Causes: Clogged air filter, contaminated/old fuel, faulty injectors, compression issues
• Solutions: Replace air filter, drain fuel system and refill with fresh fuel, test/replace fuel injectors, test engine compression

Hydraulic Pump Leakage

• Causes: Worn pump shaft seals, damaged pump housing
• Solutions: Replace shaft seals, rebuild or replace hydraulic pump

Slow/Jerky Boom or Arm Movement

• Causes: Low hydraulic fluid, restricted hoses, damaged control valves
• Solutions: Top off hydraulic tank, inspect hoses and fittings for blockages, test and replace damaged control valves

Table 1. Common engine and hydraulic faults and solutions

Electrical Gremlins and Annoying Sensor Faults

Electrical issues and faulty sensors are common and frustrating problems on excavators. Corroded connections, damaged wires, and failed sensors can cause intermittent functionality or even leave the machine completely inoperable. Focus on the following key problems and tests when troubleshooting 8 ton excavator electrical faults:

Machine Fails to Start

• Causes: Flat or damaged battery, starter motor failure, faulty ignition switch
• Solutions: Recharge/replace battery, test starter motor amp draw, bypass ignition switch to test

Display Panel and Lights Nonfunctional

• Causes: Blown fuse, damaged wiring harness, failed switch or relay
• Solutions: Check fuses, inspect wiring for breaks and corrosion, use multimeter to test switches and relays

Sensors Give False Readings

• Causes: Loose sensor wiring, failed sensor, software calibration issue
• Solutions: Inspect sensor plugs and wires, test sensor resistance/output, recalibrate software

Table 2. Key electrical and sensor issues and troubleshooting steps

Common Drive Train Problems

Issues with the drivetrain that includes the tracks, final drives, rollers, idlers, and steering clutches can severely reduce mobility. Loose or severely worn parts here lead to further damage if not promptly repaired. Be attentive to these key drive system faults:

Metal-on-Metal Squeaking from Final Drives

• Causes: Low oil level, damaged gears
• Solutions: Top off final drive oil, inspect and replace damaged gears

Immobilized or Slow Track Movement

*Causes: Hydraulic failure, faulty track motor, loose/broken traction components

• Solutions: Inspect hydraulic track components, test track motor, tighten/replace broken track parts

Oil Leaking from Final Drives or Track Rollers

• Causes: Damaged seals, cracked housing, loose fittings
• Solutions: Replace seals, rebuild/replace leaky component, tighten fittings

Table 3. Common drivetrain faults and troubleshooting tips

Structural Damage and General Wear and Tear

The structure of excavators takes constant abuse from contact with hard surfaces, heavy loads, and debris. Inspection and preventative repairs of cracks and damage are critical. Likewise, worn pivot bushings require rebuilding or replacement before further deflection damages fasteners, cylinders, and piping.

Cracked Boom or Arm Welds

• Causes: Fatigue cracks from repeated loading/impacts
• Solutions: Gouge and re-weld cracks, reinforce areas prone to cracks

Excessive Play in Boom and Arm Pivots

• Causes: Worn bushings
• Solutions: Measure bushing clearance and rebuild/replace worn bushings

Damaged Cab Glass with Visibility Issues

• Causes: Debris impacts from material handling operations
• Solutions: Replace cracked or damaged glass

Table 4. Structural faults and repairs

Conclusion：8 Ton Excavator

Catching problems early and performing preventative maintenance is crucial for maximizing uptime and avoiding major repairs down the road. Use the fault and repair overviews provided on engines, hydraulics, electrical systems, drivetrains, and structures as a guide when issues emerge on your 8-ton excavator. Reach out to qualified technicians if repairs are beyond your capability. Investing in routine maintenance inspections and replacing worn parts before failure will also reduce headaches by spotting issues before they snowball into bigger problems. Your excavator’s longevity and performance depend heavily on staying ahead of common faults.

Perguntas frequentes

Q: What are the most common causes of leaks on 8-ton escavadeiras?

A: The hydraulic system is the most common source of leaks. Worn hydraulic pump seals, damaged hydraulic hoses/fittings, and leaks around hydraulic cylinders are typical causes. The engine can also leak from seals and gaskets as well as potentially the radiator and fuel lines.

Q: Why might my excavator tracks feel loose or make loud clicking noises sometimes?

A: This typically indicates worn or damaged pins, bushings, or bearings in the undercarriage components like rollers, idlers, and sprockets. Loose or broken traction parts can also cause noises and feel loose. Thorough inspection and replacement of damaged hardware is needed.

Q: What should I do if my excavator won’t swivel properly?

A: Restricted rotation is usually caused by a fault in the swing drive system. Start by checking for issues like low oil level, damaged swing gear teeth, seized bearings, or problems with the swing motor. The rotation bearing grease and bolts should also be inspected for adequate lubrication and torque.

Q: What diagnostic tools are useful when troubleshooting excavators?

A: Essential diagnostic tools include multimeters for testing electrical circuits, pressure gauges for the hydraulic systems, engine computer scanners, grease guns for lubrication analysis, infrared thermometers for identifying overheating components, and strobe lights to inspect rotating parts. Having service manuals and schematics is also critical.